Cystic Mesothelioma
Cystic mesothelioma is an exceedingly rare disease that develops in epithelial mesothelial cells. As of 2013, only 153 cases have been reported worldwide in medical literature.
This disease is usually benign, but in some patients, it develops into an aggressive, malignant cancer. In its more common benign form, it is considered an intermediate form of mesothelioma – less dangerous than diffuse epithelial mesothelioma, but more severe than localized benign adenomatoid mesothelioma.
Distribution of diagnoses
Most cases develop in the pelvic peritoneum, or the lining of the abdominal cavity. However, the lesions can also develop in pelvic structures such as the omentum, uterus, bladder and rectum. In extremely rare cases, it can also grow in the liver.
When you combine all of the subtypes of mesothelioma, the cancer most commonly affects older males. However, the cystic subtype most commonly affects young or middle-aged women of a reproductive age. In one study, the average age at the time of diagnosis was 37 years, 10 months.
Unlike malignant mesothelioma, the link between asbestos exposure and cystic mesothelioma is unclear. Some studies suggest cystic mesothelioma develops in response to foreign fibers and dusts. Another possible cause is chronic irritation such as a prior surgery or endometriosis. Other studies suggest that female sex hormones can trigger its development.
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Cystic Cells and Growth Patterns
Approximately 1/3 of all multicystic mesothelioma tumors also display adenomatoid or squamous cell characteristics.
This type of cancer is characterized by smooth, thin-walled cysts held together by a fragile fibrovascular tissue. The individual cells are flat or cube-shaped. The cysts fill up with mucinous or gelatinous fluid and can grow as large as 20 cm in diameter. On imaging scans, doctors may be able to see separate “chambers” in the cystic tumor. Once removed from the body, the tumors may appear pale yellow.
Unlike many types of cancer, cystic mesothelioma does not spread to other parts of the body. It is considered a localized tumor.
Diagnosing Cystic Mesothelioma
Cystic mesothelioma is difficult for doctors to diagnose, mainly because of its rarity. Most people are diagnosed incidentally during a doctor's visit for a different medical issue.
In some cases, people initiate the diagnostic process by reporting pelvic or lower abdominal pain and weight loss. After performing some standard physical exams, doctors typically order an imaging scan to find out more about the underlying cause of these symptoms.
Doctors can use a CT scan, ultrasound or MRI to visualize tumors, but these tests can't confirm a diagnosis. The best way to diagnose cystic mesothelioma is performing a biopsy with a technique called laparoscopy, a minor surgical procedure that uses a thin tube fitted with a light and camera.
Through a small incision in the abdomen, doctors can spot abnormal growths and collect tissue samples. The samples are then sent to the lab for testing, where a doctor who specializes in cellular changes can confirm a diagnosis.
Other names for a cystic mesothelioma diagnosis:
- Benign multicystic peritoneal mesothelioma
- Benign papillary peritoneal cystosis
- Postoperative peritoneal cysts
- Multilocular peritoneal inclusion cysts
When trying to pin down the correct diagnosis, it can be difficult for doctors to tell cystic mesothelioma apart from malignant mesothelioma and other types of benign growths — especially if the doctor is not a mesothelioma specialist. There are a few ways to distinguish between growths that look similar.
Malignant mesothelioma typically forms calcified plaques or nodules instead of the liquid-filled cysts that develop from cystic mesothelioma. The cells in malignant mesothelioma tumors also display increased metabolic activity, which doctors can detect with a technique called immunohistochemical staining.
Treatments for Cystic Mesothelioma
Surgery is the only highly effective treatment for this diagnosis. Because this type of cancer grows slowly and does not spread, its prognosis is much better than other forms of the disease. As of 2009, only one patient had passed away from the benign variation of the disease, and this patient had elected not to undergo a surgical resection. Peritoneal chemotherapy with Cisplatin is another potential treatment option, but trials have provided varying degrees of success.
Despite the positive response to resection, around half of all patients will experience a recurrence. After diagnosis, patients will need to undergo routine follow-up imaging to monitor the cancer’s progress. In one case, a patient developed diffuse malignant mesothelioma after six separate surgeries for the benign cysts. However, this phenomenon is extremely rare, and few patients ever experience this malignant transformation.
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